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高黏流體的攪拌過程特征及對攪拌的要求

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2017 08 08

工(gong)業生產中(zhong)高(gao)黏(nian)度(du)流(liu)(liu)體(ti)的(de)(de)使(shi)用日漸增(zeng)多,許(xu)多高(gao)分子(zi)聚(ju)合物都是(shi)高(gao)黏(nian)度(du)流(liu)(liu)體(ti),它們很多又是(shi)非牛頓流(liu)(liu)體(ti),在(zai)攪拌(ban)(ban)(ban)過程中(zhong)黏(nian)度(du)還會發生變化(hua),因而(er)對攪拌(ban)(ban)(ban)器的(de)(de)要求(qiu)就更高(gao),要求(qiu)攪拌(ban)(ban)(ban)器能夠適應黏(nian)度(du)的(de)(de)變化(hua)完成攪拌(ban)(ban)(ban)操作。高(gao)黏(nian)流(liu)(liu)體(ti)的(de)(de)攪拌(ban)(ban)(ban)常泛指(zhi)互溶的(de)(de)高(gao)黏(nian)度(du)液體(ti)間的(de)(de)混(hun)合。但高(gao)黏(nian)流(liu)(liu)體(ti)攪拌(ban)(ban)(ban)在(zai)工(gong)業中(zhong)也有分散(san)、固體(ti)溶解、化(hua)學反應等多種(zhong)非均相操作。

攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)操作(zuo)時,用攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)器(qi)對低粘(zhan)度(du)互溶液造成(cheng)(cheng)湍流(liu)并(bing)不(bu)困(kun)難,但黏度(du)達到較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)水平(ping)后,由于粘(zhan)滯力的(de)影(ying)響,就(jiu)只能(neng)出(chu)現(xian)層流(liu)狀(zhuang)態。尤其困(kun)難的(de)是(shi),這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)層流(liu)也只能(neng)出(chu)現(xian)在(zai)攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)器(qi)的(de)附(fu)近,離槳(jiang)(jiang)葉稍(shao)遠些地(di)方的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)黏度(du)液體(ti)(ti)仍是(shi)靜止的(de)。這(zhe)樣就(jiu)很難造成(cheng)(cheng)液體(ti)(ti)在(zai)攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)設(she)備(bei)(bei)內的(de)循(xun)環(huan)流(liu)動,即在(zai)設(she)備(bei)(bei)內會有(you)死區(qu)存(cun)在(zai),對混合、分散、傳熱、反應等(deng)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)過程十分不(bu)利。所以,高(gao)(gao)(gao)黏度(du)液體(ti)(ti)攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)首要(yao)問(wen)題就(jiu)是(shi)要(yao)解決(jue)(jue)流(liu)體(ti)(ti)流(liu)動與循(xun)環(huan)的(de)問(wen)題。在(zai)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)情(qing)況下(xia),不(bu)能(neng)靠(kao)增大攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)轉速來提高(gao)(gao)(gao)攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)器(qi)的(de)循(xun)環(huan)流(liu)量,因(yin)為流(liu)體(ti)(ti)黏度(du)較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)時,攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)器(qi)拍出(chu)的(de)流(liu)量很少(shao),轉速過高(gao)(gao)(gao)還會在(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)黏度(du)溶液中形成(cheng)(cheng)溝(gou)流(liu),而周圍液體(ti)(ti)仍為死區(qu)。較(jiao)為有(you)效的(de)解決(jue)(jue)辦法是(shi)設(she)法使(shi)攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)器(qi)推動更大范圍的(de)流(liu)體(ti)(ti)。因(yin)此(ci),高(gao)(gao)(gao)黏度(du)液體(ti)(ti)的(de)攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)器(qi)直徑與攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)設(she)備(bei)(bei)內徑之(zhi)比、槳(jiang)(jiang)葉的(de)寬度(du)與設(she)備(bei)(bei)內徑之(zhi)比都(dou)要(yao)求比較(jiao)大,有(you)時還要(yao)求增加攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)器(qi)的(de)層數,以增大攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)范圍。

 從(cong)攪拌(ban)(ban)機理來(lai)看,在攪拌(ban)(ban)裝置層(ceng)流區(qu)混(hun)合(he)高黏度液(ye)體時(shi),液(ye)體單(dan)元(yuan)經受剪切(qie)(qie)(qie)細分作(zuo)用被拉長、拉細或(huo)分割,隨(sui)著(zhu)剪切(qie)(qie)(qie)時(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加,逐(zhu)漸達到混(hun)合(he)。同(tong)時(shi),由(you)于(yu)攪拌(ban)(ban)裝置內剪切(qie)(qie)(qie)場不是(shi)均勻(yun)的(de)(de)(de),例如錨(mao)式攪拌(ban)(ban)器在錨(mao)與(yu)釜(fu)(fu)壁(bi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)間(jian)隙區(qu)是(shi)強剪切(qie)(qie)(qie)區(qu),液(ye)體的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)速率較快,而釜(fu)(fu)中(zhong)部區(qu)域則是(shi)低(di)剪切(qie)(qie)(qie)區(qu),混(hun)合(he)速率較慢,因此(ci),高剪切(qie)(qie)(qie)區(qu)與(yu)低(di)剪切(qie)(qie)(qie)區(qu)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)體交(jiao)換速率或(huo)液(ye)體在釜(fu)(fu)內的(de)(de)(de)循環能力(li)也是(shi)影響混(hun)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要因素(su)。

        此外,攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)設備內流(liu)體(ti)的(de)速(su)(su)度波動也能促(cu)進混(hun)合(he)。換言之(zhi),高黏(nian)(nian)度液體(ti)的(de)混(hun)合(he)速(su)(su)率主要(yao)取(qu)決于攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與釜壁表面間的(de)相對運動速(su)(su)率及相互之(zhi)間的(de)距離,為(wei)此也要(yao)求(qiu)用(yong)于高黏(nian)(nian)流(liu)體(ti)的(de)攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)直徑與攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)設備內徑的(de)比值都(dou)相當大。實際生(sheng)產過程中(zhong),常用(yong)的(de)黏(nian)(nian)性流(liu)體(ti)攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有錨式攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、螺(luo)帶式攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、框式攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等。


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